Other Schools of Isalm

LEGAL SYSTEMS VERY DIFFERENT FROM OURS

Professor: D.Fredmin

AHMED ALHARBI 

INTRODUCTION

- After the prophet Muhammed (PBUH) has passed away, there was a debate in the Islamic world about who would guide the nation of Islam after the Chosen one(PBUH). At that time there were only a few nations in the arabian peninsula and that is when the Ijtihad period has begun. .The first issue in Ijtihad was purely political to inaugurate the Khalifah(successor). Muhammed's companions after a long debate, which was known back then as Ijtihad, have agreed that it was Abu Bakr who would take that important position due to his outstanding virtues. Abu Bakr is also mentioned in the Holy Quran in the verse that states ''second of the two who lay in the cave'' in reference to the event of hijra, where the Prophet Mohammed(PBUH) and Abu Bakr hid in the cave on Jabal Thawr from the meccan tribe that was sent to capture them. Abu Bakr is one of few who was given direct mentioning in the Quran"1".

First school in Islamic system:

backround information
-The school was named after (ʿAbdu l-Lāh ibn Ibāḍ of the Banu Tamim). Ibn Ibad was the essential reason for separate from the wider Kharijite movement harshly around the time  Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, which is the fifth Umayyad leader, has been inaugurated as caliph. However, the true founder was Jābir ibn Zayd. At first, Ibadi faith developed in Basra, Iraq.The Ibadis resist the rule of the third caliph in Islam, Uthman ibn Affan, but unlike the more extreme Kharijites the Ibadis discard the murder of Uthman as well as the Kharijite belief that all Muslims holding differ viewpoints were infidels.The Ibadis were among the more moderate groups object to the fourth caliph, Ali, and wanted to return Islam to its form prior to the conflict between Ali and Muawiyah.
-Due to their resistance to the Umayyad Caliphate, the Ibadis strive an armed revolution starting in the Hijaz region in the 740s. Caliph Marwan II led a 4,000 strong army and routed the Ibadis first in Mecca, then in Sana'a, and finally ringed them in Shibam in western Hadhramaut, three regions in Yemen. Problems back in their heartland of Syria forced the Umayyads to sign an amity agreement with the Ibadis, and the clan was authorized to maintain a community in Shibam for the next fourty decades. For a period after Marwan the Second's death, Jabir ibn Zayd maintained a relationship with Umayyad general Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, who proved the Ibadis as a counterbalance to more extremist Kharijites. Ibn Zayd ordered the assassination of one of Al-Hajjaj's scouts, however, and in reaction many Ibadis were banished to Oman
-(IBADISIM) some of the scholars believe that this doctrine has been founded 20 years after the prophet Muhammad has passed away. Ibadi shcool, the first school that was founded in the Islamic system, was named after Abd-Allah ibn Ibadh, while the doctrine was attributed to Jabir bin Zaid (ALTabi) as well ((ALtabi Is defined as the person who has met the prophet Muhammed's (pbuh) companions but has not met the prophet himself. )) , who was a student of Ms. Aisha(the prophet's wife) and Ibn Abbas(the prophet's nephew). 

-This was the ﬁrst of the sect of Islam (al-madhahib) that was founded, and its scholars have written more than those of any other sect. They were the ﬁrst who wrote a commentary on the Qur’an,and the ﬁrst who wrote a collection of Hadith, and the ﬁrst who wrote a book on Law (ﬁqh). 
-This distindt sect of islam dominant predominantly in Oman, the M'zab valley of Algeria, the Nafuse mountains of Libya, the island of jerba in Tunisia, and East Africa.

Diffrenet doctrine from other denomination

- On the day of Judgment, Ibadie believe that it's impossiable God appeared him self, that distinguished them from Sunnies whom believe that are able to see the God ( it will be more details in the coming chapter)
-Similar to the Mu'tazila and Shias, they interpret anthropomorphic attributing to God in the Quran symbolically rather than literally.
-Their belief in destiny are such as the Ashari and  Sunnis
-they believe it's necessary to have a caliph lead Muslim world unlike the shiah who believe in imamah 
-They believe it is accepted to hide the truth of something under certain circumstances (kitman), identical to the Shia taqiyya.

Fiqh in Ibaisim
- The fiqh of Ibadis is comparatively simple to other denomination. Complete believe in Quran and hadith when it's come to deduce law, contrary Sunnis who they have more source when it's come to deduce law (fiqh) such is general agreement (consensus) especially consensus from companions (sahaba) period. new innovations accepted on the basis of qiyas, or corresponding logical (similar cases in fiqh), were rejected as bid‘ah by the Ibadis. That differs from the plurality of Sunnis but agrees with Shias and the Zahiri and early Hanbali schools of Sunnism.

 The materialisation of God in Ibadisim
- The Ibadis espouse the positions of the Mu‘tazila on the questions of monotheism rejecting a literal interpretation of all embodied descriptions of God, forbid the potency of seeing God in this life or on Judgment day.  Also rejecting the entity of endless attributes in God that are distinguished from his essence.

- In addition, Ibadism disagreed with John Calvin's theory; that the Word of God is co-eternal with God. Not only that, but the ibadi also considers the revelation of God in human life just like the incarnation of God to violate the ''Tawhid'' or oneness of God Almighty. I assume that Calvin's refrerence to the Gospel of John in his assurance that the Word of God co-enernal with God would be the fundamental controversy between the two theologies. To illustrate, there are a fwe unrivaeld passage in the book of Genesis where God appears in bodliy form. One example is Genesis chabter 18 which I Quote '' The lord appeared to Abraham near the great trees of Mamre while he was sitting at the entrance to his tent in the heat of the day. Abraham said '' If I have found favore in your eyes, my Lord, do not pass your servant by'' then the Lord said, '' I will surely return to you about this time next year, and Sarah your wife will have a son''. 
- In closing, there is noticeable similarities between the theologians of ibadi and John Calvin's in their relinquish literal anthropomorphic reference to God. Both said were influenced and motivated by desire to protect God's unity and to prevent polytheism.